或曰:“以德報(bào)怨,何如?”子曰:“何以報(bào)德?以直報(bào)怨,以德報(bào)德。”(《論語(yǔ)·憲問(wèn)第十四》)
Someone said,“What do you say concerning the principle that injury should be recompensed with kindness?” The master said,“With what then will you recompense kindness?Recompense injury with justice,and recompense kindness with kindness.”(Analects 14:34,trans. Legge 1991:288)
孔子在這里毫不含混,要求公平對(duì)待公正或正確之事。孔子對(duì)道德品格的批判性評(píng)價(jià)似乎調(diào)和了他的博愛(ài)觀。
仁與儒家金律
金律把(道德的)人作為起點(diǎn)。它預(yù)設(shè)了人們?cè)谟屠娣矫婢哂衅毡楣沧R(shí)。《論語(yǔ)》中的“恕”常譯作“reciprocity”(互惠)或“mutuality”(互相性),它把握住了黃金律的精髓:關(guān)系很大程度上是互讓互惠的(《論語(yǔ)·衛(wèi)靈公第十五》第二十四章)?!墩撜Z(yǔ)·里仁第四》第十五章指出,“恕”和“忠”一樣,具有根本的重要性:
子曰:“參乎!吾道一以貫之?!痹釉唬骸拔?。”子出。門(mén)人問(wèn)曰:“何謂也?”曾子曰:“夫子之道,忠恕而已矣?!?/p>
The Master said,“Zeng,my friend!My way (dao 道) is bound together with one continuous strand.”...
Master Zeng said,“The way of the Master is doing one’s utmost (zhong 忠) and putting oneself in the other’s place (shu ?。?,nothing more.”(trans. Ames and Rosemont Jr 1998a:92)
“忠”通常譯作“conscientiousness”(盡責(zé))或“doing one’s best”(盡力)。然而,這樣的譯法無(wú)助于理解為什么“忠”要和“恕”相配?;蛟S,如果用作為(being one’s best)而不是行動(dòng)(doing one’s best)翻譯“忠”,就可以更好地看出二者的關(guān)聯(lián)。簡(jiǎn)言之,要盡忠而完善一己之成,就必須培育互惠關(guān)系(?。?。照此思路,關(guān)系豐富自我,從而壯大、拓展自我。就此而言,忠和恕可視為同一過(guò)程的兩個(gè)方面,從而成為“一貫”之道。