Vertical and Horizontal Beginnings Dun Liu 1 Lecture 1: Several Important Frames of Reference in the Development of Human Civilization 2 Lecture 2: Overview of Ancient Chinese Science and Technology Astronomy Xiaoyuan Jiang 1 Lecture 1: The Study of Heaven in Ancient China: An Overview 2 Lecture 2: Astronomical Observation and Calendar 3 Lecture 3: Exchange and Comparison of Chinese and Foreign Astronomies References Geoscience Qianjin Wang 1 Lecture 1: Overview of Ancient Geoscience and Views of Geological Disasters and Abnormalities 2 Lecture 2: History of Ancient Maps and Concepts of Military Geography Mathematics Shuchun Guo and Miao Tian 1 Lecture 1: Overview and Features of the Development of Traditional Chinese Mathematics 2 Lecture 2: Nine Chapters on the MathematicalArt, Liu Hui and Mathematics in the Song and Yuan Dynasties 3 Lecture 3: Classicality Mathematics in Europe and Dissemination of Modern Mathematics in China References Physics Nianzu Dai 1 Joy at Probing into Physics 2 Lecture 1: The History of Mechanics 3 Lecture 2: The History of Optics 4 Lecture 3: The History of Acoustics Agriculture Xiongsheng Zeng 1 The Foundation of Livelihood——Agriculture in Ancient China... References Biology Guihuan Luo 1 Lecture 1: Compendium of Traditional Biology in China 2 Lecture 2: Origin and Development of Cultured Plants in China. 3 Conclusion References