Preface Acknowledgment and Personal Statement Introduction Chapter 1. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Introduction 1.1. Description of Molecular Structure Using Valence Bond Concepts 1.1.1. Hybridization 1.1.2. The Origin of Electron-Electron Repulsion 1.1.3. Electronegativity and Polarity 1.1.4. Electronegativity Equalization 1.1.5. Differential Electronegativity of Carbon Atoms 1.1.6. Polarizability, Hardness, and Softness 1.1.7. Resonance and Conjugation 1.1.8. Hyperconjugation 1.1.9. Covalent and van der Waals Radii of Atoms 1.2. Molecular Orbital Theory and Methods 1.2.1. The Hiickel MO Method 1.2.2. Semiempirical MO Methods 1.2.3. Ab Initio Methods 1.2.4. Pictorial Representation of MOs for Molecules 1.2.5. Qualitative Application of MO Theory to Reactivity: Perturbational MO Theory and Frontier Orbitals 1.2.6. Numerical Application of MO Theory 1.3. Electron Density Functionals 1.4. Representation of Electron Density Distribution 1.4.1. Mulliken Population Analysis 1.4.2. Natural Bond Orbitals and Natural Population Analysis 1.4.3. Atoms in Molecules 1.4.4. Comparison and Interpretation of Atomic Charge Calculations 1.4.5. Electrostatic Potential Surfaces 1.4.6. Relationships between Electron Density and Bond Order Topic 1.1. The Origin of the Rotational (Torsional) Barrier in Ethane and Other Small Molecules Topic 1.2. Heteroatom Hyperconjugation (Anomeric Effect) in Acyclic Molecules Topic 1.3. Bonding in Cyclopropane and Other Small Ring Compounds Topic 1.4. Representation of Electron Density by the Laplacian Function Topic 1.5. Application of Density Functional Theory to Chemical Properties and Reactivity T. 1.5.1. DFT Formulation of Chemical Potential, Electronegativity, Hardness and Softness,and Covalent and van der Waal Radii T. 1.5.2. DFT Formulation of Reactivity--The Fukui Function .. T. 1.5.3. DFT Concepts of Substituent Groups Effects General References Problems Chapter 2. Stereoehemistry, Conformation, and Stereoselectivity... " Introduction 2.1. Configuration 2.1.1. Configuration at Double Bonds 2.1.2. Configuration of Cyclic Compounds 2.1.3. Configuration at Tetrahedral Atoms 2.1.4. Molecules with Multiple Stereogenic Centers 2.1.5. Other Types of Stereogenic Centers 2.1.6. The Relationship between Chirality and Symmetry 2.1.7. Configuration at Prochiral Centers 2.1.8. Resolution--The Separation of Enantiomers 2.2. Conformation 2.2.1. Conformation of Acyclic Compounds 2.2.2. Conformations of Cyclohexane Derivatives 2.2.3. Conformations of Carbocyclic Rings of Other Sizes 2.3. Molecular Mechanics 2.4. Stereoselective and Stereospecific Reactions 2.4.1. Examples of Stereoselective Reactions 2.4.2. Examples of Stereospecific Reactions 2.5. Enantioselective Reactions 2.5.1. Enantioselective Hydrogenation 2.5.2. Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones 2.5.3. Enantioselective Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols 2.5.4. Enantioselective Dihydroxylation of Alkenes 2.6. Double Stereodifferentiation: Reinforcing and Competing Stereoselectivity …… Chapter 3. Strucral Effects on Stability and Reactivity Chapter 4. Nucleophilic Substitution Chapter 5. Polar Addition and Elimination Reactions Chapter 6. Carbanions and Other Carbon Nucleophiles Chapter 7. Addition,Condensation and Substitution Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds Chapter 8. Aromatictity Chapter 9. Aromatic Substitution Chapter 10. Concerted Pericyclic Reactions Chapter 11. Free Radical Reactions Chapter 12. Photochemistry References to Problems Index
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